1: J Sep Sci. 2007 Jan;30(1):122/7.
Comparison of various extraction techniques for isolation and determination of
isoflavonoids in plants.
Bajer T, Adam M, Galla L, Ventura K.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University
of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
In the present paper, the following extraction techniques have been used for
extracting isoflavonoids from the species Matricaria recutita, Rosmarinus
officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, and Agrimonia eupatoria L.: supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE), pressurized fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion,
ultrasonic extraction in an ultrasonic bath (USE) and by means of an ultrasonic
homogeniser (HOM), extraction by means of Soxhlet apparatus (SOX), and solid
phase extraction. Experimental optimization of all techniques has been carried
out using a soybean flour. Subsequent analyses of the extracts were carried out
by liquid chromatography with UV detection. The maximum yields of daidzein and
genistein were obtained by extraction with the SOX, USE, and HOM techniques. The
maximum yields of apigenin and biochanin A from herb samples were obtained by
SFE.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17313151 [PubMed / in process]
2: World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 28;13(4):607/11.
Beneficial effects of Foeniculum vulgare on ethanol/induced acute gastric
mucosal injury in rats.
Birdane FM, Cemek M, Birdane YO, Gulcin I, Buyukokuroglu ME.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe
University, Afyon, Turkey.
AIM: To examine the anti/ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts
of Foeniculum vulgare (FVE) on ethanol/induced gastric lesions in rats. METHODS:
FVE was administered by gavage at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, and famotidine
was used at the dose of 20 mg/kg. Following a 60 min period, all the rats were
given 1 mL of ethanol (80%) by gavage. One hour after the administration of
ethanol, all groups were sacrificed, and the gastric ulcer index was calculated;
whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), serum nitrate,
nitrite, ascorbic acid, retinol and beta/carotene levels were measured in all
the groups. RESULTS: It was found that pretreatment with FVE significantly
reduced ethanol/induced gastric damage. This effect of FVE was highest and
statistically significant in 300 mg/kg group compared with the control (4.18 +//
2.81 vs 13.15 +// 4.08, P < 0.001). Also, pretreatment with FVE significantly
reduced the MDA levels, while significantly increased GSH, nitrite, nitrate,
ascorbic acid, retinol and beta/carotene levels. CONCLUSION: FVE has clearly a
protective effect against ethanol/induced gastric mucosal lesion, and this
effect, at least in part, depends upon the reduction in lipid peroxidation and
augmentation in the antioxidant activity.
PMID: 17278229 [PubMed / in process]
3: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 21;55(4):1237/40. Epub 2007 Jan 30.
Extraction and Characterization of Foeniculum vulgare Pectins and Their Use for
Preparing Biopolymer Films in the Presence of Phaseolin Protein.
Giosafatto CV, Mariniello L, Ring S.
Department of Food Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Parco Gussone,
80055 Portici, Naples, Italy, and Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research
Park, Colney, Norwich NR47UA, United Kingdom.
Pectins from Foeniculum vulgare were extracted under acidic conditions. The
obtained pectins were mainly composed of uronic acid but also contained traces
of rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose. Extracted pectins were used as a
carbohydrate source to prepare biopolymer films in the absence and in the
presence of phaseolin protein. The swelling characteristics of the films were
examined as a function of ionic strength, pH, and the applied osmotic stress.
The swelling behavior was dominated by a Donnan/type effect, which decreases
with increasing ionic strength and counterion valency. In all cases the swelling
of films containing phaseolin was reduced, suggesting a network formation
between protein and pectins. Mechanical property studies have also estimated the
validity of the obtained novel biopolymer films in terms of mechanical
resistance. Keywords: Biopolymers; fennel; phaseolin; swelling.
PMID: 17261013 [PubMed / in process]
4: Planta Med. 1999 Jun;65(5):486/9.
Chemical Variation Among Indigenous Populations of Foeniculum vulgare var.
vulgare in Israel.
Barazani O, Fait A, Cohen Y, Diminshtein S, Ravid U, Putievsky E, Lewinsohn E,
Friedman J.
Department of Plant Sciences, G. S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv
University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
The composition of hexane extract constituents of ripe mericarps ("achenes") of
eleven indigenous populations of FOENICULUM VULGARE var. VULGARE (Apiaceae) was
studied. Natural populations were selected along a gradient of annual rainfall
from ca. 1000 mm in the northern region down to 125 mm in the Negev desert.
Eighteen constituents, with estragole, TRANS/anethole, fenchone, limonene and
alpha/pinene as the major components were separated by GC/MS. Characterized by
the level of estragole and TRANS/anethole, four different groups were obtained:
(1) Highest estragole (63%) and the lowest TRANS/ane/thole (3%) characterized
the population of Mt. Meron; (2) estra/gole (39/47%) and TRANS/anethole (17/29%)
in 3 mountainous populations; (3) estragole (21/29%) and TRANS/anethole (38/49%)
in the coastal and lowland populations; (4) two exceptional populations with the
lowest content of estragole (ca.8%) and high content of TRANS/anethole (55 and
74%). A reversed association between the content of estragole and TRANS/anethole
suggests a common precursor. In habitats with a high precipitation, the content
of estragole was high and that of TRANS/anethole was low, and vice versa under
limited rainfall. It is proposed that the composition of oleoresins of F.
VULGARE var. VULGARE could be governed by environmental conditions.
Never/theless, it is not ruled out that genetic variations account for the
recorded differences.
PMID: 17260278 [PubMed / in process]
5: Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2006 Oct;26(10):1935/8.
[Determination of thirteen metal elements in the plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry]
[Article in Chinese]
Xue GQ, Liu Q, Han YQ, Wei HG, Dong T.
Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Chemistry
of West China, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China.
The objective of the paper is to determine the amount of metal elements of Na,
K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr and Pb in the planted Foeniculum
vulgare Mill. by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), after the
cinefaction and the digestion with HNO3/HClO4 (phi 4:1) at 90/95 degrees C and
normal pressure. The optimum parameters of FAAS and the effects of solution
medium on the results were investigated. The analytical results show that the
amount of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb was 1508.7, 27653.0, 2036.0,
4848.1, 24.8, 323.5, 15.2, 23.7 and 10.8 microg x g(/1), respectively, and that
of Co, Ni, Cd and Cr was not checked out in the samples. The recovery of
standard addition is 97.45%/102.50%, the relative standard deviation (n=9) was
0.34%/2.77%. The characteristic method is quick, simple and convenient and the
results are satisfactory.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 17205757 [PubMed / in process]
6: J Med Food. 2006 Winter;9(4):552/61.
Comparative essential oil composition and antifungal effect of bitter fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) fruit oils obtained during different
vegetation.
Ozcan MM, Chalchat JC, Arslan D, Ates A, Unver A.
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk,
Konya, Turkey. mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr
The chemical composition of the flower and unripe and ripe fruits from fennel
(bitter) (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) has been examined by gas
chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main identified
components of the flower and unripe and ripe fruit oils were estragole (53.08%,
56.11%, and 61.08%), fenchone (13.53%, 19.18%, and 23.46%), and
alpha/phellandrene (5.77%, 3.30%, and 0.72%), respectively. Minor qualitative
and major quantitative variations for some compounds of essential oils were
determined with respect to the different parts of F. vulgare. The oils exerted
varying levels of antifungal effects on the experimental mycelial growth of
Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani. The 40 ppm
concentrations of fennel oils showed inhibitory effect against mycelial growth
of A. alternaria, whereas 10 ppm levels were ineffective. The analyses show that
fennel oils exhibited different degrees of fungistatic activity depending on the
doses.
PMID: 17201644 [PubMed / in process]
7: Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Oct;29(10):2056/64.
Comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activities of wild and
cultivated Laurus nobilis L. leaves and Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum
(Ucria) coutinho seeds.
Conforti F, Statti G, Uzunov D, Menichini F.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
filomena.conforti@unical.it
The chemical composition and antioxidant activities of wild and cultivated
Laurus nobilis leaves and Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum seeds were
determined. Differences were found in the total phenolic content of fennel.
GC/MS analysis of the non polar fractions showed a different composition between
wild and cultivated plants. Cultivated laurel had a high content of terpenes
such as linool, alpha/terpinol, alpha/terpinyl acetate, thymol, caryophyllene,
aromandrene, selinene, farnesene, and cadinene, while wild laurel had a high
content of eugenol and methyl eugenol, vitamin E, and sterols. The antioxidant
potential of the extracts was determined using three complementary methods. Wild
plants showed greater radical scavenging activity than the cultivated plants.
The extracts also exhibited a significant antioxidant capacity also in the
beta/carotene/linoleic acid test system. A high level of antioxidant activity
was observed in wild laurel (IC50 = 1 microg/ml). Significant antioxidant
activity measured in bovine brain was observed in wild laurel.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 17015951 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: J Med Food. 2006 Fall;9(3):413/7.
Cholinergic basis of memory/strengthening effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn.
Joshi H, Parle M.
Department of Pharmacognosy, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka,
India. amanjoshi17@yahoo.com
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a decline in
cognitive abilities. Dementia is one of the age/related mental problems and a
characteristic symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Nootropic agents are used in
situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities. The present
work was undertaken to assess the potential of Foeniculum vulgare Linn. extract
as a nootropic and anticholinesterase agent in mice. Methanolic extract of the
whole plant of F. vulgare Linn. administered for eight successive days
ameliorated the amnesic effect of scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) and aging/ induced
memory deficits in mice. The passive avoidance paradigm served as the
exteroceptive behavioral model for assessing memory. F. vulgare extract
increased step/down latency and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in mice
significantly. Hence, F. vulgare can be employed in treatment of cognitive
disorders such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
PMID: 17004908 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
9: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Oct 4;54(20):7778/88.
Composition of the volatile fraction of Ocotea bofo Kunth (Lauraceae) calyces by
GC/MS and NMR fingerprinting and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
Guerrini A, Sacchetti G, Muzzoli M, Moreno Rueda G, Medici A, Besco E, Bruni R.
Dipartimento delle Risorse Naturali e Culturali, Universita degli Studi di
Ferrara, Corso Ercole d'Este 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of
the floral calyces of Ocotea bofo Kunth (Lauraceae) was studied by means of GC,
GC/MS, and 1H, 13C, and bidimensional NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC). Twenty/five
constituents were identified, and estragole (48.7%), alpha/phellandrene (19.6%)
and sabinene (10.4%) were found to be the major components. Antimicrobial
activity against six aerobic bacteria and five yeasts and antioxidant activity
performed by photochemiluminescence (PCL), 1,1/diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
and beta/carotene bleaching assays are reported. The oil showed fair inhibiting
properties against bacteria and a good inhibition against most yeasts. Its
radical scavenging and chain/breaking antioxidant properties were comparable to
or better than those provided by synthetic controls. Particular emphasis has
been given to the use of NMR as a fast and reliable tool to discriminate O. bofo
essential oil from other commercial anethole/ and estragole/rich oils, namely,
Illicium verum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Artemisia dracunculus.
PMID: 17002452 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
10: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Sep 6;54(18):6814/8.
Comparison of the volatile composition of wild fennel samples (Foeniculum
vulgare Mill.) from central Spain.
Diaz/Maroto MC, Perez/Coello MS, Esteban J, Sanz J.
Area de Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas (UCLM), Avda.
Camilo Jose Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. MariaConsuelo.Diaz@uclm.es
Comparison of the volatile composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) has
been carried out using direct thermal desorption (DTD) coupled to gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forty/two wild fennel stem samples were
collected in two different geographical areas of Central Spain. DTD allowed a
high recovery of volatiles from small sample sizes without thermal
decomposition. trans/Anethole was the main volatile compound for most cases,
although a high variability was found among samples, showing clear phytochemical
differences.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16939344 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
11: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Jan 17;43(2):481/5. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Determination of phenolic compounds in fennel by HPLC and HPLC/MS using a
monolithic reversed/phase column.
Krizman M, Baricevic D, Prosek M.
Laboratory of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19,
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. mitja.krizman@ki.si
A reversed/phase high/performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for
analyzing phenolic compounds in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) has been developed.
The use of a monolithic column with short dimensions in combination with
optimized chromatographic conditions allows over 100 samples per day to be
analyzed. Chromatographic parameters such as column temperature and injection
volume, were found to be crucial in obtaining adequate selectivity and
resolution, consequently allowing short run times. The method was validated for
the major phenolic compounds present in fennel plant material:
3/O/caffeoylquinic acid (3/CQA), chlorogenic acid, 4/O/caffeoylquinic acid
(4/CQA), eriocitrin, rutin, miquelianin, 1,3/O/dicaffeoylquinic acid
(1,3/diCQA), 1,5/O/dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,5/diCQA), 1,4/O/dicaffeoylquinic
acid (1,4/diCQA) and rosmarinic acid. The limits of detection (LOD) and the
limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 microg/mL and from 0.15 to
2.5 microg/mL, respectively. With some adaptation, the extraction procedure
could be even less invasive, which is useful in screening work.
PMID: 16930913 [PubMed / in process]
12: J Environ Biol. 2006 Jan;27(1):13/20.
Seed germination in response to chemicals: effect of nitrogen and pH in the
media.
Perez/Fernandez MA, Calvo/Magro E, Montanero/Fernandez J, Oyola/Velasco JA.
Ecology Area, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas sIn, 06071 Badajoz,
Spain. maperfer@upo.es
Seed germination generally presents a peak in the next growing season after a
fire. Among other factors associated with fire are the increase of soil nitrogen
and changes in the pH of the soil. In this study, we addressed the question,
whether or not the germination response of eight species is linked with the
increase in pH and nitrogenous compounds in the germination media? We assessed
the separate and combined effects of nitrogenous compounds and pH on the
percentage and rate of germination of seeds of Medicago arabica (L.) Hudson,
Epilobium hirsutum L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Daucus carota L., Thapsia
villosa L., Cynosurus cristatus L., Dactylis glomerata L. and Rumex crispus L.
All these species are well represented in the Mediterranean ecosystems of the
central/west Spain. Water and CaCl2 were used as controls. Nitrogenous compounds
increased percent germination (level) and rate in three of the species studied.
High pH negatively affected the germination rate of seeds from most species, but
had no effect on the per cent germination of any of the species. The higher
concentration of the nutritious solutions affected negatively the germination
level and rate. The different germination responses of seeds of the studied
species could not be exclusively attributed to pH values in the media, whereas
the amount and form of Nitrogen in the media has a greater effect on it. These
differences in germination are species dependent.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16850869 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
13: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Jun 7;41(3):791/7. Epub 2006 Feb 20.
Headspace solvent microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the
analysis of volatile compounds from Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Fang L, Qi M, Li T, Shao Q, Fu R.
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081, China.
A novel and rapid headspace solvent microextraction followed by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (HSME/GC/MS) for the analysis of the volatile
compounds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill is described. HSME parameters including
extracting solvent, extraction temperature and time, headspace volume and
particle size were optimized. As a result, benzyl alcohol was finally used for
the extraction at 70 degrees C for 20 min with headspace volume of 12.1 ml and
particle size of 120 mesh. Under the determined conditions, the powered samples
of Foeniculum vulgare Mill were directly applied for the analysis. A comparison
of HSME/GC/MS, solid phase microextraction (SPME)/GC/MS and steam distillation
(SD)/GC/MS methods was made and showed that the HSME/GC/MS method was simple,
inexpensive and effective and can be used for the analysis of volatile compounds
in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16488098 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Mycopathologia. 2006 Feb;161(2):119/28.
Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato
late blight disease agent Phytophthora infestans.
Soylu EM, Soylu S, Kurt S.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal
University, 31034, Antakya/Hatay, Turkey. msoylu@mku.edu.tr
The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides
currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen Phytophthora
infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. Antifungal activities
of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano
(Origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata),
lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and laurel (Laurus nobilis), were
investigated against P. infestans. Both contact and volatile phase effects of
different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined by using two
in vitro methods. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were also
determined by GC/MS analysis. Major compounds found in essential oils of thyme,
oregano, rosemary, lavender, fennel and laurel were carvacrol (37.9%), carvacrol
(79.8), borneol (20.4%), camphor (20.2%), anethole (82.8%) and 1,8/cineole
(35.5%), respectively. All essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of P.
infestans in a dose/dependent manner. Volatile phase effect of oregano and thyme
oils at 0.3 microg/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of P.
infestans. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of fennel,
rosemary, lavender and laurel was, however, observed at 0.4/2.0 microg/ml air
concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested
essential oils, oregano, thyme and fennel oils at 6.4 microg/ml were found to
inhibit the growth of P. infestans completely. Essential oils of rosemary,
lavender and laurel were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (12.8,
25.6, 51.2 microg/ml respectively). Volatile phase effects of essential oils
were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase
effect. Sporangial production was also inhibited by the essential oil tested.
Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation on pathogen hyphae,
exposed to both volatile and contact phase of oil, revealed considerable
morphological alterations in hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation,
vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16463095 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 May 24;105(3):449/55. Epub 2006 Jan 18.
Mechanism/based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants.
Subehan, Usia T, Iwata H, Kadota S, Tezuka Y.
Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
2630/Sugitani, Toyama 930/0194, Japan.
Thirty samples of Indonesian medicinal plants were tested for their
mechanism/based inhibition on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and CYP2D6 via
erythromycin N/demethylation and dextromethorphan O/demethylation activities in
human liver microsomes. From screening with 0 and 20min preincubation at
0.5mg/ml of methanol extracts, five plants (Cinnamomum burmani bark, Foeniculum
vulgare seed, Strychnos ligustrina wood, Tinospora crispa stem, and Zingiber
cassumunar rhizome) showed more than 30% increase of CYP3A4 inhibition, while
three (Alpinia galanga rhizome, Melaleuca leucadendron leaf, and Piper nigrum
fruit) showed more than 30% increase of CYP2D6 inhibition. In these eight
plants, Foeniculum vulgare seed, Cinnamomum burmani bark, and Strychnos
ligustrina wood showed time/dependent inhibition on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum
fruit and Melaleuca leucadendron leaf on CYP2D6. Among these, four plants other
than Melaleuca leucadendron revealed NADPH/dependent inhibition. Thus,
Foeniculum vulgare, Cinnamomum burmani, and Strychnos ligustrina should contain
mechanism/based inhibitors on CYP3A4 and Piper nigrum contain that on CYP2D6.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16414224 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2005 Nov/Dec;41(6):693/702.
[Antioxidant properties of essential oils: autoxidation of essential oils from
laurel and fennel and effects of mixing with essential oil from coriander]
[Article in Russian]
Misharina TA, Polshkov AN.
Changes in the composition of essential oils from the seeds of laurel (Laurus
nobilis L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., var. dulce Thelling) and their
mixture with essential oil from coriander were studied by capillary gas/liquid
chromatography during storage in the dark and in light. Under these conditions,
essential oil of laurel retained its composition for 12 months. Essential oil of
fennel was rapidly oxidized in light. However, the rate of its oxidation in the
dark was lower. The major component of essential oil of fennel, transanethol,
had a lower antioxidant activity than essential oil of coriander. The mixture of
essential oils from laurel and coriander possessed antioxidant properties and
strongly inhibited the oxidation of components of the fennel oil.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 16358762 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: J Environ Biol. 2005 Jun;26(2 Suppl):335/40.
Exchangeable sodium induced changes in yield, water relation and cation
composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill).
Garg VK, Singh PK, Pushpangadan P.
Soil Science Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Rand Pratap Marg,
Lucknow, India. vkgarg4@rediffmail.com
A pot experiment was conducted with the objectives to assess the adaptation
potential of fennel crop grown at 10, 20, 25, 35 and 40 ESP (exchangeable sodium
percentage) levels. Results showed that the rate of seed germination, plant
growth including branching pattern, umbels per plant and 1000 test seed weight
were adversely affected by sodic soils. Assuming that fifty percent reduction in
seed yield and Na+/K+ ratio in leaf tissue as an index of alkali tolerance
revealed that fennel was tolerant up to 25 ESP. The cell sap pH and EC reflected
optimum osmoticum maintenance to withstand sodicity stress at this level and
beyond this leaf water potential decreased (negatively) more to impede water
uptake.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 16334263 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Phytother Res. 2005 Nov;19(11):988/91.
In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used
traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Hamill FA, Fabricant D, Dietz BM, Chadwick LR.
Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street M/C 877, 60612, USA. mahady@uic.edu
The gram/negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HP), identified in 1982, is now
recognized as the primary etiological factor associated with the development of
gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. In addition, HP infections are also
associated with chronic gastritis, gastric carcinoma and primary gastric B/cell
lymphoma. For centuries, herbals have been used in traditional medicine to treat
a wide range of ailments, including gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as
dyspepsia, gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). However, the mechanism of
action by which these botanicals exert their therapeutic effects has not been
completely elucidated. As part of an ongoing screening program, the study
assessed the in vitro susceptibility of 15 HP strains to botanical extracts,
which have a history of traditional use in the treatment of GI disorders.
Methanol extracts of Myristica fragrans (seed) had a MIC of 12.5 microg/mL;
Zingiber officinale (ginger rhizome/root) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary
leaf) had an MIC of 25 microg/mL. Methanol extracts of botanicals with a MIC of
50 microg/mL included Achillea millefolium, Foeniculum vulgare (seed),
Passiflora incarnata (herb), Origanum majorana (herb) and a (1:1) combination of
Curcuma longa (root) and ginger rhizome. Botanical extracts with a MIC of 100
microg/mL included Carum carvi (seed), Elettaria cardamomum (seed), Gentiana
lutea (roots), Juniper communis (berry), Lavandula angustifolia (flowers),
Melissa officinalis (leaves), Mentha piperita (leaves) and Pimpinella anisum
(seed). Methanol extracts of Matricaria recutita (flowers) and Ginkgo biloba
(leaves) had a MIC > 100 microg/mL.
PMID: 16317658 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Life Sci. 2006 Feb 23;78(13):1419/32. Epub 2005 Nov 7.
Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic
core for antiplatelet activity.
Tognolini M, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bruni R, Bianchi A, Chiavarini M,
Impicciatore M.
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche, Biologiche e Chimiche Applicate,
Universita di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
Essential oils extracted from different plants (Anthemis nobilis L., Artemisia
dracunculus L., Cannabis sativa L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cymbopogon
citratus (DC.) Stapf., Curcuma longa L., Foeniculum vulgare L., Hypericum
perforatum L., Hyssopus officinalis L., Mentha spicata L., Monarda didyma L.,
Ocimum basilicum L., Ocotea quixos Kosterm., Origanum vulgare L., Pinus nigra
J.F. Arnold, Pinus silvestris L., Piper crassinervium Kunth., Rosmarinus
officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Salvia sclarea L., Santolina
chamaecyparissus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinaie L.) were screened
in guinea pig and rat plasma in order to assess antiplatelet activity and
inhibition of clot retraction. The oils were chemically analysed and a
relationship between components and ability to affect hemostasis was evidenced.
O. quixos, F. vulgaris, and A. dracunculus showed the highest antiplatelet
activity against ADP, Arachidonic Acid and the Thromboxane A2 agonist U46619
(IC50, 4/132 microg ml(/1)), and a good ability to destabilize clot retraction
(IC50, 19/180 microg ml(/1)). For these oils a significant correlation between
antiplatelet potency and phenylpropanoids content (54/86%) was evidenced thus
suggesting a key role for this moiety in the prevention of clot formation. These
findings provide the rationale to take in account the antiplatelet activity in
the pharmacological screening of natural products containing phenylpropanoids.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16274702 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Phytother Res. 2005 Jul;19(7):633/42.
The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the Sikh community in
London.
Sandhu DS, Heinrich M.
Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of
London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
Attitudes and practice concerning complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
are currently an area of considerable interest. However, little is known about
the overall importance of such practices, for example, in immigrant communities
such as the Sikh (Punjabi) British. The use of CAM in immigrants belonging to
the Sikh religion in London was studied. The primary objective was to analyse
the extent to which traditional medicine is used and understood by this
population. Traditional Sikh medicine is important to this group of informants
and a total of 42 species were recorded and identified tentatively. The most
frequently mentioned species were Allium cepa (onion // gunda), Allium sativum
(garlic // lasan, thon), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne pepper // lalmirch),
Cinnamomum verum (cinnamom//dhal chini), Citrus limon (lemon // nimbu),
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel // saunf), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom // elaichi)
and Zingiber officinale (ginger // adrak). The study also highlights the rapid
change this tradition is undergoing in a diaspora situation.In depth studies on
the use of CAM among other immigrant communities and among ethnic groups are
urgent and may help to manage better the treatment of minor ailments as well as
chronic diseases. Specifically, more research on traditional and herbal remedies
amongst the numerous ethnic groups in urban Britain and how this impacts on the
use of biomedicine (e.g. as it is provided by the NHS) is essential.
PMID: 16161027 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Phytother Res. 2005 Apr;19(4):335/40.
A randomized double/blind placebo/controlled trial of a standardized extract of
Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in
the treatment of breastfed colicky infants.
Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, Silvestro L, Oggero R.
Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell'Adolescenza/Universita di Torino,
Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Azienda Ospedaliera OIRM S. ANNA, Piazza
Polonia, 94, 10126 Torino, Italy. Francesco.savino@unito.it
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized, double/blind, placebo/controlled trial
was to investigate the effectiveness and side effects of a phytotherapeutic
agent with Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis in
the treatment of infantile colic. METHODS: 93 breastfed colicky infants were
enrolled, the diagnosis was made according to Wessel's criteria. After a 3 day
observation period, the infants were randomly divided into two groups, one
treated with phytotherapeutic agent (PA) and the other with placebo twice a day
for 1 week. Crying time and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: 88 infants
completed the trial: 41 in the PA group and 47 in the control. The daily average
crying time for the PA was 201.2 min/day (SD 18.3) at the baseline and 76.9
min/day (SD 23.5) at the end of the study; for the placebo it was 198.7 min/day
(SD 16.9) and 169.9 min/day (SD 23.1) (p < 0.005). Crying time reduction was
observed in 85.4% subjects for the PA and in 48.9% subjects for the placebo (p <
0.005). No side effects were reported. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that
colic in breastfed infant improves within 1 week of treatment with an extract
based on Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis. (c)
2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 16041731 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
22: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 29;53(13):5385/9.
Volatile components and key odorants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and
thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil extracts obtained by simultaneous
distillation/extraction and supercritical fluid extraction.
Diaz/Maroto MC, Diaz/Maroto Hidalgo IJ, Sanchez/Palomo E, Perez/Coello MS.
Area de Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad
de Castilla/La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain. MariaConsuelo.Diaz@uclm.es
Volatile oil extracts of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme
leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were obtained by simultaneous
distillation/extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and
analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In general, fennel oil
extracted by SDE and SFE showed similar compositions, with trans/anethole,
estragole, and fenchone as the main components. In contrast, thymol and
p/cymene, the most abundant compounds in thyme leaves, showed big differences,
with generally higher amounts of monoterpenes obtained by SDE. However, in this
case, the differences between the extracts were higher. Key odorants of fennel
seeds determined by gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O) showed similar
patterns when applying SDE and SFE. trans/Anethole (anise, licorice), estragole
(anise, licorice, sweet), fenchone (mint, camphor, warm), and 1/octen/3/ol
(mushroom) were the most intense odor compounds detected in fennel extracts.
Thymol and carvacrol, with oregano, thyme, and spicy notes, were identified as
key compounds contributing to the aroma of thyme leaves.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15969523 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Sci Total Environ. 2006 Apr 15;359(1/3):82/9.
Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their
infusions consumed in Turkey.
Basgel S, Erdemoglu SB.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Inonu University, Malatya,
Turkey.
Fourteen mineral and trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni,
Pb, Sr and Zn) were determined in the herbs and their infusions consumed for
medical purposes in Turkey such as chamomile (Matricaria chammomile L.), fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare), linden (Tilia vulgaris), nettle (Urtica dioical), rosehip
(Fr.Rosa caninae), sage (Salvia officinalis) and senna tea (Cassia
anqustifolia). Microwave digestion procedure was applied under optimized
conditions for dissolution of medicinal herbs. Element concentrations in the
medicinal herbs and their infusions were determined by FAAS and ICP/AES. The
accuracy and precision were verified against a GBW 07605 Poplar leaves and Tea
certified reference material. The mineral and trace element content of medicinal
herbs and their infusions showed a wide variability. However, distribution of
the elements in the infusions is not high and it is nil especially for Cd, Co,
Cr and Pb.
PMID: 15907975 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
24: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jul 14;99(3):367/78.
Folk phytotherapeutical plants from Maratea area (Basilicata, Italy).
Guarrera PM, Salerno G, Caneva G.
Museo Nazionale Arti e Tradizioni Popolari, Piazza Marconi 8/10, 00144 Rome,
Italy. pmguarrera@arti.beniculturali.it
Field ethnobotanical survey was undertaken for the period of 2002/2003 in the
Tyrrhenian part of the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Data of 56 species
of plants belonging to 29 families where gathered through interviews; among the
species, 47 are used in human therapy, 6 as insect repellents, 15 in veterinary
medicine, 1 for its ichthyotoxic properties and 3 for magic therapeutic
purposes. The most important findings in ethnomedicine relate to Nasturtium
officinale (renal colic, liver diseases), Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum
(mouth ulcers), Leopoldia comosa (toothache, headache), Micromeria graeca subsp.
graeca (coughs) and Ceterach officinarum (malaria), while in the ethnoveterinary
field, we have Pteridium aquilinum (wolf bites) and Spartium junceum (fractures
of animal limbs).
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15878246 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Fitoterapia. 2005 Mar;76(2):166/72.
Study on the transfer of components of Aetheroleum carvi and Aetheroleum
foeniculi oils.
Lado C, Hajdu M, Farkas E, Then M, Taba G, Szentmihalyi K.
Department of Biochemistry and Food Technology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, H/1111 Budapest, Muegyetem rkp 3/9, Hungary.
lado@mail.bme.hu
The transfer through a membrane of the main organic components and mineral
elements of Carum carvi and Foeniculum vulgare volatile oils was studied. The
transfer was studied from buffer solution pH 1.1 (stomach) and pH 6.5
(intestine) to pH 7.5 (plasma) in a Sartorius model. The transferred components
were measured by GC/MS for volatile components and ICP/OES for inorganic
elements. The main components (trans/anethole and fenchone from F. vulgare,
carvone and D/limonene from C. carvi), as well as some mineral elements (Ca, Mg,
S, Zn), transferred through the membrane.
PMID: 15752626 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Pest Manag Sci. 2005 Jun;61(6):597/604.
Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex
pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Traboulsi AF, El/Haj S, Tueni M, Taoubi K, Nader NA, Mrad A.
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
abdallah@cyberia.net.lb
The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and
roots of aromatic plants against fourth/instar larvae of the mosquito Culex
pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill
were the most toxic, followed by those of Ferula hermonis Boiss, Citrus sinensis
Osbeck, Pinus pinea L, Laurus nobilis L and Eucalyptus spp with LC50 values of
24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(/1), respectively. Combination
tests between the LC50 and the maximum sub/lethal concentration (MSLC) were
determined. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant
species tested. Five essential oils and nine pure components were studied for
their repellency against mosquito bites. Terpineol and 1,8/cineole were the most
effective against Culex pipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for
1.6 and 2 h, respectively.
PMID: 15662650 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
27: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 29;52(26):8255/60.
Chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish
oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender
(Lavandula stoechas L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne
pathogens.
Dadalioglu I, Evrendilek GA.
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tayfur Sokmen Campus,
Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Alahan, Hatay, Turkey.
Chemical compositions and inhibitory effects of essential oils of Turkish
oregano (Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis), bay laurel (Laurus
nobilis L.), Spanish lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas L.), and
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria
monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus were
determined. After the essential oils were applied on the foodborne pathogens at
doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 80 microL/mL, the resultant
numbers of cells surviving were counted. Results revealed that all essential
oils exhibited a very strong antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria
(P < 0.05). Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry analyses revealed that
carvacrol (68.23%), 1,8/cineole (60.72%), fenchone (55.79%), and trans/anethole
(85.63%) were the predominant constituents in Turkish oregano, bay laurel,
Spanish lavender, and fennel essential oils, respectively.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15612826 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
28: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 29;52(26):7862/6.
Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller
Var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils.
Lo Cantore P, Iacobellis NS, De Marco A, Capasso F, Senatore F.
Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro Forestali, Universita
degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
Essential oils were extracted from the fruits of Coriandrum sativum L. and
Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (Miller) and assayed in vitro for
antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, bacteria
routinely used for comparison in the antimicrobial assays, and 27
phytopathogenic bacterial species and two mycopathogenic ones responsible for
cultivated mushroom diseases. A significant antibacterial activity, as
determined with the agar diffusion method, was shown by C. sativum essential oil
whereas a much reduced effect was observed for F. vulgare var. vulgare oil. C.
sativum and F. vulgare var. vulgare essential oils may be useful natural
bactericides for the control of bacterial diseases of plants and for seed
treatment, in particular, in organic agriculture. The significant antibacterial
activity of essential oils to the bacterial pathogens of mushrooms appears
promising.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15612768 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Pest Manag Sci. 2004 Nov;60(11):1125/30.
Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes
under laboratory and field conditions.
Kim SI, Chang KS, Yang YC, Kim BS, Ahn YJ.
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151/742,
Republic of Korea.
The repellency of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller)/containing products (5%
aerosol and 8% cream) against mosquitoes was compared with those of citronella
oil, geranium oil and deet, as well as three commercial repellents, Baby Keeper
cream containing IR3535, MeiMei cream containing citronella and geranium oils,
and Repellan S aerosol containing 19% N,N/diethyl/m/toluamide (deet) under
laboratory and field conditions. In a laboratory study with female Aedes aegypti
(L), fennel oil exhibited good repellency in a release/in/cage test and
repellency in skin and patch tests of the oil was comparable with those of
citronella and geranium oils. In paddy field tests with five human volunteers,
5% and 8% fennel oil/containing aerosol and cream produced 84% and 70%
repellency, respectively, at 90 min after exposure, whereas Baby Keeper cream
and MeiMei cream gave 71% and 57% repellency at 90 min after exposure,
respectively, and Repellan S aerosol gave 89% repellency at 210 min. The species
and ratio of mosquitoes collected were the genera Culex (44.1%), Anopheles
(42.2%), Aedes (7.8%) and Armigeres (5.9%). Fennel oil/containing products could
be useful for protection from humans and domestic animals from vector/borne
diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15532688 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
30: J Herb Pharmacother. 2004;4(2):1/10.
Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives//evaluation
and comparison with ascorbic acid in in/vitro systems.
Satyanarayana S, Sushruta K, Sarma GS, Srinivas N, Subba Raju GV.
Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530/003, India. nandinisai@hotmail.com
The antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of five umbelliferous
fruits//caraway (Carum carvi), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), cumin (Cuminum
cyminum), dill (Anethum graveolens) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)//were
investigated in comparison with the known antioxidant ascorbic acid in in vitro
studies. The amount of aqueous extract of these five umbelliferous fruits and
ascorbic acid needed for 50% scavenging of superoxide radicals was found to be
105 microg (caraway), 370 microg (coriander), 220 microg (cumin), 190 microg
(dill), 205 microg (fennel) and 260 microg (ascorbic acid). The amount needed
for 50% inhibition of lipid peroxide was 2100 microg (caraway), 4500 microg
(coriander), 4300 microg (cumin), 3100 microg (dill), 4600 microg (fennel) and
5000 microg (ascorbic acid). The quantity needed for 50% inhibition of hydroxyl
radicals was 1150 microg (caraway), 1250 microg (coriander), 470 microg (cumin),
575 microg (dill), 700 microg (fennel) and 4500 microg (ascorbic acid). The
daily use of the above fruits in various forms is very common in India and the
present study revealed strong antioxidant activity of their extracts that was
superior to known antioxidant ascorbic acid and indicate their intake may be
beneficial as food additives.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
In Vitro
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15364640 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Fitoterapia. 2004 Sep;75(6):557/65.
Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of
Foeniculum vulgare.
Choi EM, Hwang JK.
Department of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University,
330/326, Hongjae/dong, Seodaemun/gu, Seoul 120/091, South Korea.
Oral administration (200 mg/kg) of Foeniculum vulgare fruit methanolic extract
exhibited inhibitory effects against acute and subacute inflammatory diseases
and type IV allergic reactions and showed a central analgesic effect. Moreover,
it significantly increased the plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
activities and the high density lipoprotein/cholesterol level. On the contrary,
the malondialdehyde (MDA) (as a measure of lipid peroxidation) level was
significantly decreased in F. vulgare fruit methanolic extract group compared to
the control group (P<0.05). These results seems to support the use of F. vulgare
fruit methanolic extract in relieving inflammation.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15351109 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Pharmazie. 2004 Jul;59(7):561/4.
Possible mechanism(s) for relaxant effects of Foeniculum vulgare on guinea pig
tracheal chains.
Boskabady MH, Khatami A, Nazari A.
Department of Physiology, Ghaem Medical Centre, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. m/boskabady@mums.ac.ir
In a previous study the relaxant (bronchodilatory) effect of Foeniculum vulgare
on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains was demonstrated. To study mechanisms
responsible for this effect the present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of
this plant on contracted tracheal chains of guinea pig. The relaxant effects of
aqueous and ethanol extracts and an essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare were
compared to negative controls (saline for aqueous extract and essential oil and
ethanol for ethanol extract) and a positive control (diltiazem) using isolated
tracheal chains of the guinea pig precontracted by 10 microM methacholine (group
1) and 60 mM KCl (group 2, n = 7 for each group). In the group 1, experiments
diltiazem, ethanol extract, and essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare showed a
significant relaxant effect on methacholine induced contraction of tracheal
chains compared to those of negative controls (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In
addition the effect of the ethanol extract was significantly greater than that
of diltiazem (p < 0.001). However, the aqueous extract did not show any relaxant
effect in group 1. In the group 2 experiments, only diltiazem showed a
significant relaxant effect on KCl induced contraction of tracheal chains (p <
0.001). The relaxant effects of ethanol extracts and essential oil obtained in
the group 2 experiments were significantly lower than those in group 1 (p < 0.05
to p < 0.001). These results confirm the bronchodilatory effects of ethanol
extract and essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare. However with regard to the
effect of KCl on calcium channels, the results indicated that the inhibitory
effect of ethanol extracts and essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare on calcium
channels is not contributing to their relaxant (bronchodilatory) effects on
guinea pig tracheal chains. However the results suggest a potassium channel
opening effect for this plant, which may contribute on its relaxant effect on
guinea pig tracheal chains.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
PMID: 15296096 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
33: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 16;52(12):3679/87.
Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds in fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) using liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem
mass spectrometry.
Parejo I, Jauregui O, Sanchez/Rabaneda F, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Codina C.
Departament de Productes Naturals, Biologia Vegetal i Edafologia, Facultat de
Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona,
Catalunya, Spain.
Liquid chromatography (LC) diode array detection (DAD) coupled to negative
electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for the
rapid and sensitive identification of water/soluble phenolic compounds in fennel
waste. The plant material was first extracted and then chromatographed on
Sephadex LH/20 to afford seven fractions, each of them being subjected to LC/MS
analysis. Identification of the compounds was carried out by interpretation of
UV, MS, and MS/MS spectra. Forty/two phenolic substances were identified, 27 of
which had not previously been reported in fennel, including hydroxycinnamic acid
derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and flavonoid aglycons.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15186082 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
34: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 19;52(10):2887/9.
Acaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil
against Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae).
Lee HS.
Faculty of Biotechnology and Research Center for Industrial Development of
Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561/756, Korea.
hoiseon@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr
Acaricidal activities of components derived from Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil
against Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were
examined using direct contact application and compared with that of the
commercial repellent benzyl benzoate. The major biologically active constituent
of Foeniculum fruit oil was characterized as (+)/fenchone by spectroscopic
analyses. On the basis of LD(50) values, the compound most toxic to D. farinae
was p/anisaldehyde (11.3 mg/m(2)) followed by (+)/fenchone (38.9 mg/m(2)),
(/)/fenchone (41.8 mg/m(2)), benzyl benzoate (89.2 mg/m(2)), thymol (90.3
mg/m(2)), and estragol (413.3 mg/m(2)). Against D. pteronyssinus, p/anisaldehyde
(10.1 mg/m(2)) was much more effective than benzyl benzoate (67.5 mg/m(2)),
thymol (68.5 mg/m(2)), and estragol (389.9 mg/m(2)). These results indicate that
the acaricidal activity of F. vulgare fruit oil likely results from (+)/fenchone
and p/anisaldehyde. (+)/Fenchone was 20.3 times more abundant in the oil than
p/anisaldehyde. (+)/Fenchone and p/anisaldehyde merit further study as potential
house dust mite control agents or as lead compounds.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15137830 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Bioresour Technol. 2004 Jul;93(3):307/11.
Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare mill
on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P/fertilizer.
Kapoor R, Giri B, Mukerji KG.
Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi,
Delhi 110 007, India. rupam@biology.du.ac.in
Two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus macrocarpum and Glomus fasciculatum
significantly improved growth and essential oil concentration of Foeniculum
vulgare Mill. However, AM inoculation of plants along with phosphorus
fertilization significantly enhanced growth, P/uptake and essential oil content
of plants compared to either of the components applied separately. Among the two
fungal inoculants, G. fasciculatum registered the highest growth at both levels
of phosphorus used with up to 78% increase in essential oil concentration of
fennel seeds over non/mycorrhizal control. The essential oil characterization by
gas liquid chromatography revealed that the level of anethol was significantly
enhanced on mycorrhization. Copyright 2003 Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15062827 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
36: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Apr 7;52(7):1890/7.
Bioguided isolation and identification of the nonvolatile antioxidant compounds
from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) waste.
Parejo I, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Schmeda/Hirschmann G, Burillo J, Codina C.
Departament de Productes Naturals, Biologia Vegetal i Edafologia, Facultat de
Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona,
Catalunya, Spain.
A bioguided isolation of an aqueous extract of fennel waste led to the isolation
of 12 major phenolic compounds. Liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric
pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/UV/APCI/MS) combined with
spectroscopic methods (NMR) was used for compound identification. Radical
scavenging activity was tested using three methods: DPPH*, superoxide nitro/blue
tetrazolium hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, and *OH/luminol chemiluminescence. In
addition to products described in the literature, eight antioxidant compounds
were isolated and identified for the first time in fennel: 3/caffeoylquinic
acid, 4/caffeoylquinic acid, 1,5/O/dicaffeoylquinic acid, rosmarinic acid,
eriodictyol/7/O/rutinoside, quercetin/3/O/galactoside,
kaempferol/3/O/rutinoside, and kaempferol/3/O/glucoside. The structures of
eriodictyol/7/O/rutinoside and quercetin/3/O/glucuronide were completely
elucidated by two/dimensional NMR experiments. The isolated compounds exhibited
a strong antiradical scavenging activity, which may contribute to the
interpretation of the pharmacological effects of fennel.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15053525 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004 Feb;55(1):67/74.
Radical scavenging and iron/chelating activities of some greens used as
traditional dishes in Mediterranean diet.
El SN, Karakaya S.
Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Izmir,
Turkey. sedefel@food.ege.edu.tr
This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activity of nine different
families of greens. Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Anchusa azurea
(bugloss), Daucus carota (wild carrot), Sonchus oleraceus (sowthistle), Papaver
rhoeas (corn poppy), Malva sylvestris (blue mallow), Foeniculum vulgare
(fennel), Cichorium intybus (chicory) and Salicornia europaea (jointed
glasswort) are native to the Mediterranean and are commonly consumed as a salad
or an ingredient in some recipes. The antioxidative activities, including the
radical scavenging effects, inhibition of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and
Fe(2+)/chelating activity, were studied. All samples showed antioxidant activity
as a radical scavenger in the experiment using the DPPH* radical. The ratio
between the slopes of the kinetic model was used to compare antioxidant
efficiency of different greens. Greens also possessed antioxidative activity
toward H(2)O(2). Especially, greens exhibited a marked scavenging effect on
H(2)O(2) at 0.2 g/ml concentration. The Fe(2+) ion/chelating activities of the
samples except jointed glasswort were greater than 70%. The antioxidant activity
of samples with different methods based on the inhibition of different reactions
could not be compared. The current dietary guidelines include recommendations
for an increase in the consumption of plant foods. Greens should provide an
optimal supply of antioxidant substances in the diet.
PMID: 14630594 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Phytochem Anal. 2003 Sep/Oct;14(5):285/9.
Near/infrared analysis of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) on different
spectrometers//basic considerations for a reliable network.
Steuer B, Schulz H.
Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant
Analysis, Neuer Weg 22/23, D/06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and transferability of
near/infrared (NIR) calibrations for estimating the content and composition of
the volatile fraction in fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) as an example
of medicinal and spice plants. A master calibration with spectra obtained on a
scanning monochromator was generated using 345 samples from three different
harvests (1997/1999). A subset of 70 samples from 1999 was also measured on a
dispersive grating and a scanning diode array system to gain an insight into the
influence of sample presentation and scanning techniques. For all instruments,
calibrations with standard errors in the range of the reference method were
achieved. Furthermore the influence of storage on NIR spectra and, additionally,
the potential of transferring spectra between both scanning monochromators was
studied.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 14516000 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Nahrung. 2003 Aug;47(4):261/4.
Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain spices in vitro: a
preliminary study.
Baliga MS, Jagetia GC, Rao SK, Babu K.
Department of Radiobiology Kasturba Medical College, Manipal/576 119, Karnataka,
India.
The plant extracts of some commonly used spices were examined for their possible
regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as a NO
donor in vitro. Most of the extracts tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO
and exhibited significant activity and the potency of scavenging activity was in
the following order: Foeniculum vulgare (aqueous) > Citrus limettiodes > Murraya
koenigii (seed, aqueous) > Murraya koenigii (leaf, aqueous) > Curcuma aromatica
(aqueous) > Murraya koenigii (leaf, dichloromethane:methanol) > Mentha arvensis
(chloroform) > Mentha arvensis (aqueous) > Curcuma longa > Gingko biloba >
Foeniculum vulgare (dichloromethane:methanol) > Zingiber officinale (aqueous) >
Curcuma aromatica (ethanolic) > Murraya koenigii (seed,
dichloromethane:methanol). All the evaluated extracts exhibited a dose/dependent
NO scavenging activity. The aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare showed a
greatest NO scavenging effect of 79.75% at 62.5 microg/mL as compared to the
positive control, Gingko biloba where 36.22% scavenging was observed at similar
concentration. The present results suggest that these spices might be potent and
novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO and the regulation of pathological
conditions caused by excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product,
peroxynitrite.
Publication Types:
Evaluation Studies
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 13678266 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6/7):455/8.
Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A
double/blind placebo controlled study.
Javidnia K, Dastgheib L, Mohammadi Samani S, Nasiri A.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
javidniak@sums.ac.ir
Idiopathic hirsutism is defined as the occurrence of excessive male pattern hair
growth in women who have a normal ovulatory menstrual cycle and normal levels of
serum androgens. It may be a disorder of peripheral androgen metabolism. In this
study we evaluated the clinical response of idiopathic hirsutism to topical
Fennel extract. Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, is a plant, which has been used as
an estrogenic agent. The ethanolic extract of Fennel was obtained by using a
soxhlete apparatus. In a double blind study, 38 patients were treated with
creams containing 1%, 2% of Fennel extract and placebo. Hair diameter was
measured and rate of growth was considered. The efficacy of treatment with the
cream containing 2% Fennel is better than the cream containing 1% Fennel and
these two were more potent than placebo. The mean values of hair diameter
reduction was 7.8%, 18.3% and /0.5% for patients receiving the creams containing
1%, 2% and 0% (placebo) respectively.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 13678227 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Altern Ther Health Med. 2003 Jul/Aug;9(4):58/61.
The effect of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) seed oil emulsion in infantile colic:
a randomized, placebo/controlled study.
Alexandrovich I, Rakovitskaya O, Kolmo E, Sidorova T, Shushunov S.
Department of Pediatrics, St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postdoctoral
Education, St. Petersburg, Kirochnaya, Russia.
CONTEXT: Despite its benign, natural course, colic is a significant problem in
infants and imparts a psychological, emotional, and physical burden to parents.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is the only pharmacological treatment for infantile
colic that has been consistently effective. Unfortunately, 5% of infants treated
with dicyclomine hydrochloride develop serious side effects, including death.
Fennel seed oil has been shown to reduce intestinal spasms and increase motility
of the small intestine. However, there have not been any clinical studies of its
effectiveness. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of fennel seed oil
emulsion in infantile colic. DESIGN: Randomized placebo/controlled trial.
SETTINGS: Two large multi/specialty clinics. SUBJECTS: 125 infants, 2 to 12
weeks of age, who met definition of colic. INTERVENTION: Fennel seed oil
emulsion compared with placebo. OUTCOME MEASURE: Relief of colic symptoms, which
was defined as decrease of cumulative crying to less than 9 hours per week.
RESULTS: The use of fennel oil emulsion eliminated colic, according to the
Wessel criteria, in 65% (40/62) of infants in the treatment group, which was
significantly better than 23.7% (14/59) of infants in the control group (P <
0.01). There was a significant improvement of colic in the treatment group
compared with the control group [Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = 41% (95% CI 25
to 57), Number Needed to Treat (NNT) = 2 (95% CI 2 to 4)]. Side effects were not
reported for infants in either group during the trial. CONCLUSION: Our study
suggests that fennel seed oil emulsion is superior to placebo in decreasing
intensity of infantile colic.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Multicenter Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12868253 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Fitoterapia. 2003 Apr;74(3):317/9.
Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil.
Ozbek H, Ugras S, Dulger H, Bayram I, Tuncer I, Ozturk G, Ozturk A.
Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Van
65300, Turkey. hanefiozbek@homail.com
Hepatoprotective activity of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil (FEO) was
studied using carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver injury model in rats.
The hepatotoxicity produced by acute CCl(4) administration was found to be
inhibited by FEO with evidence of decreased levels of serum aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) and bilirubin. The results of this study indicate that FEO has a potent
hepatoprotective action against CCl(4)/induced hepatic damage in rats.
PMID: 12727504 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Phytother Res. 2003 Apr;17(4):368/71.
Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill
obtained by different distillation conditions.
Mimica/Dukic N, Kujundzic S, Sokovic M, Couladis M.
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg
Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. mimica@ih.ns.ac.yu
The influence of different hydrodistillation conditions was evaluated from the
standpoint of essential oil yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity
from seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Three hydrodistillation conditions were
considered. The main constituents of the oils were: (E)/anethole
(72.27%/74.18%), fenchone (11.32%/16.35%) and methyl chavicol (3.78%/5.29%). The
method of distillation significantly effected the essential oil yield and
quantitative composition, although the antifungal activity of the oils against
some fungi was only slightly altered. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 12722142 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
44: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2001 Sep;36(9):672/5.
[Selective isolation of anethole from volatile oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill by
inclusion crystalline with chela/shape host]
[Article in Chinese]
Xia ZH, Guo WS, Tang XD, Wang XM, Tong J, You J, Cai YP, Lu Y.
Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Liaoning University, Shenyang
110036, China.
AIM: To isolate the components from the volatile oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
METHODS: According to the function of molecular recognition of supramolecular
chemistry, chela shape molecule, trans/1, 2/biphenyl/1, 2/acenaphthendiol was
used as host molecule and the volatile oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill as guest
molecule. Trans/1, 2/biphenyl/1, 2/acenaphthendiol can recognize the components
that endowed with interactional complementarity and form inclusion compound as
crystals. RESULTS: The anethole in the volatile oil was selectively included as
trans/1,2/biphenyl/1,2/acenaphthendiol which was obtained in pure state from the
inclusion compound by Kugelrohr vacuum technology. The formation of inclusion
compound was confirmed by means of IR and powder XRD. The structure of the
selectively isolated component was elucidated as trans/anethole by means of IR,
1HMMR and MS. CONCLUSION: The experimental results showed that the method is
simple, rapid and selective for isolation anethole from volatile oil of
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12580105 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
45: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Feb;80(2):153/7.
Comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary
dysmenorrhea.
Namavar Jahromi B, Tartifizadeh A, Khabnadideh S.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran. namavarb@sums.ac.ir
OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of Foeniculum vulgare variety dulce (Sweet
Fennel) vs. mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: A
cohort of seventy women, 15/24 years old from a local university and
high/school, who complained of dysmenorrhea were enrolled in this study. Ten
cases were excluded due to evidence of secondary dysmenorrhea. The remaining 60
patients were graded mild, moderate and severe on the basis of a verbal
multidimensional scoring system. Thirty patients with mild dysmenorrhea were
also excluded from the study. Each of the 30 cases with moderate to severe
dysmenorrhea was evaluated for three cycles. In the first cycle no medication
was given (control cycle), in the second cycle the cases were treated by
mefenamic acid (250 mg q6h orally) and in the third cycle, essence of Fennel's
fruit with 2% concentration (25 drops q4h orally), was prescribed at the
beginning of the cycle. These cycles were compared day by day for the effect,
potency, time of initiation of action and also complications associated with
each treatment modality, by using a self/scoring system. Intensity of pain was
reported by using a 10/point linear analog technique. Statistical analyses were
performed by the independent sample t/test, paired t/test and repeated
measurement analysis method. RESULTS: In the study group the mean age of
menarche was 12.5+//1.3 years, the mean duration of menstruation was 6.6+//1.4
days with the mean cycle days of 27+//3. The findings observed during menses
were as follows: headache in 26.7%, nausea in 63.3%, vomiting in 23.3%, diarrhea
in 33.3%, fatigue in 93.3% and leaving the daily tasks undone was reported in
86.9% of the cases. Both of the drugs effectively relieved menstrual pain as
compared with the control cycles (P<0.001). The mean duration of initiation of
action was 67.5+//46.06 min for mefenamic acid and 75+//48.9 min for fennel. The
difference was not statistically significant (P=0.57). Mefenamic acid had a more
potent effect than fennel on the second and third menstrual days (P<0.05),
however, the difference on the other days was not significant. No complication
was reported in mefenamic acid treated cycles, but five cases (16.6%) withdrew
from the study due to fennel's odor and one case (3.11%) reported a mild
increase in the amount of her menstrual flow. CONCLUSIONS: The essence of fennel
can be used as a safe and effective herbal drug for primary dysmenorrhea,
however, it may have a lower potency than mefenamic acid in the dosages used for
this study.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 12566188 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Dec;25(6):860/4.
Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils.
Aridogan BC, Baydar H, Kaya S, Demirci M, Ozbasar D, Mumcu E.
Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman
Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. aridogan@sdu.edu.tr
In this study the composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils
obtained from Origanum onites, Mentha piperita, Juniperus exalsa, Chrysanthemum
indicum, Lavandula hybrida, Rosa damascena, Echinophora tenuifolia, Foeniculum
vulgare were examined. To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activities of
these eight aromatic extracts; their in vitro antimicrobial activities were
determined by disk diffusion testing, according to the NCCLS criteria.
Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853 were used as standard test bacterial strains.
Origanum onites recorded antimicrobial activity against all test bacteria, and
was strongest against Staphylococcus aureus. For Rosa damascena, Mentha piperita
and Lavandula hybrida antimicrobial activity was recorded only to Staphylococcus
aureus. Juniperus exalsa, and Chrysanthemum indicum exhibited antibacterial
activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. We also
examined the in vitro antimicrobial activities of some components of the
essential oils and found some components with antimicrobial activity.
PMID: 12510839 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
47: J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 20;50(24):6993/6.
Repellent activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit
against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
Kim DH, Kim SI, Chang KS, Ahn YJ.
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441/744,
Republic of Korea.
The repellent activity of materials derived from the methanol extract of fruits
from Foeniculum vulgareagainst hungry Aedes aegypti females was examined using
skin and patch tests and compared with that of the commercial
N,N/diethyl/m/toluamide (deet) and (Z)/9/octadecenoic acid. The biologically
active constituents of the Foeniculum fruits were characterized as (+)/fenchone
and (E)/9/octadecenoic acid by spectroscopic analyses. Responses varied
according to compound, dose, and exposure time. In a skin test with female
mosquitoes, at a dose of 0.4 mg/cm(2), (+)/fenchone and (Z)/9/octadecenoic acid
exhibited moderate repellent activity at 30 min after treatment, whereas deet
provided >1 h of protection against adult mosquitoes at 0.2 mg/cm(2).
(Z)/9/Octadecenoic acid was a more potent repellent agent than
(E)/9/octadecenoic acid. (+)/Fenchone and (E)/9/octadecenoic acid merit further
study as potential mosquito repellent agents or as lead compounds.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12428949 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Phytother Res. 2002 Nov;16(7):680/2.
Studies on essential oils: part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of
some spices.
Singh G, Kapoor IP, Pandey SK, Singh UK, Singh RK.
Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur / 273009, India.
gsingh4us@yahoo.com
The essential oils extracted from the seeds of seven spices, Anethum graveolens,
Carum capticum, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare,
Pimpinella anisum and Seseli indicum have been studied for antibacterial
activity against eight pathogenic bacteria, causing infections in the human
body. It has been found that the oil of C. capticum is very effective against
all tested bacteria. The oil of C. cyminum and A. graveolens also gave similar
results. These oils are equally or more effective when compared with standard
antibiotics, at a very low concentration. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12410554 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
49: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002 May/Jun;115(5/6):200/2.
[Influence of spiced feed additives on taste of hen's eggs]
[Article in German]
Richter T, Braun P, Fehlhaber K.
Institut fur Lebensmittelhygiene, Veterinarmedizinische Fakultat, Universitat
Leipzig.
The effect of the spices garlic (Allium sativum), extract from garlic, sage
(Salvia officinalis), caraway (Carum carvi), peppermint (Mentha piperita),
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), paprika (Capsicum annuum),
marjoram (Majorana hortensis), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and sausage/mix
fed to white hybrides on the quality of eggs (n = 705) was tested by 10
qualified persons. Changes in smell or taste were partly significant; a direct
improvement is hard to induce. A well seasoned taste was obtained by feeding of
garlic, fennel, peppermint and marjoram. They produce an aromatic flavor. A
practical application is possible but limited by higher production prices.
Further, it is uncertain if there is a need for "taste/manipulated" eggs.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 12058595 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
50: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002 May;373(1/2):70/4. Epub 2002 Apr 4.
SPME determination of volatile aldehydes for evaluation of in/vitro antioxidant
activity.
Stashenko EE, Puertas MA, Martinez JR.
Chromatography Laboratory, Research Center for Biomolecules, School of Sciences,
Industrial University of Santander. A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
elena@tucan.uis.edu.co
The in/vitro antioxidant activity of natural (essential oils, vitamin E) or
synthetic substances ( tert/butyl hydroxy anisole (BHA), Trolox) has been
evaluated by monitoring volatile carbonyl compounds released in model lipid
systems subjected to peroxidation. The procedure employed methodology previously
developed for the determination of carbonyl compounds as their
pentafluorophenylhydrazine derivatives which were quantified, with high
sensitivity, by means of capillary gas chromatography with electron/capture
detection. Linoleic acid and sunflower oil were used as model lipid systems.
Lipid peroxidation was induced in linoleic acid by the Fe2+ ion (1 mmol L/1, 37
degrees C, 12 h) and in sunflower oil by heating in the presence of O2 (220
degrees C, 2 h). The change in hexanal (the main lipoxidation product)
concentration found in the lipid matrix subjected to oxidation with and without
the substance being tested was used to calculate the antioxidant protection
effect. These procedures were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of
the essential oils of cilantro ( Coriander sativum L.), fennel ( Foeniculum
vulgare Mill.), rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.), "salvia negra" (
Lepechinia schiedeana), and oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.), and the well/known
antioxidants BHA, vitamin E, and Trolox, its water/soluble analog. In the
sunflower oil system, the essential oils had a stronger protective effect
against lipid peroxidation than BHA, vitamin E, and Trolox within the range of
concentrations examined (1/20 g L/1). The highest protecting effect,
corresponding to a 90% drop in hexanal release, was observed for cilantro oil at
10 g L/1.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12012174 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
51: J Agric Food Chem. 2002 May 22;50(11):3208/13.
Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora, growing wild in Lebanon, against
phytopathogenic fungi.
Abou/Jawdah Y, Sobh H, Salameh A.
Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11/0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020,
Lebanon.
Petroleum ether (PE) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were
tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic
fungi. The efficacy of PE extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than
that of methanolic extracts. Wild marjoram (Origanum syriacum) PE extract showed
the highest and widest range of activity. It resulted in complete inhibition of
mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete
inhibition of spore germination of the six fungi included in the assay, namely,
Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. melonis, and Verticillium dahlia. The other plant extracts
showed differential activities in the spore germination test, but none was
highly active against mycelial growth. Inula viscosa and Mentha longifolia were
highly effective (>88%) in spore germination tests against five of six fungi
tested, whereas Centaurea pallescens, Cichorium intybus, Eryngium creticum,
Salvia fruticosa, and Melia azedarach showed >95% inhibition of spore
germination in at least two fungi. Foeniculum vulgare showed the least
antimycotic activity. Fractionation followed by autobiography on TLC plates
using Cladosporium sp. as a test organism showed that O. syriacum PE extracts
contained three inhibition zones, and those of Inula viscosa and Cichorium
intybus, two, whereas the PE extracts of the remaining plants showed each one
inhibition zone. Some of the major compounds present in these inhibition zones
were identified by GC/MS. The possibility for using these extracts, or their
mixtures, to control plant diseases is discussed.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12009988 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
52: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 Apr;25(2):154/7.
Antimicrobial constituents of Foeniculum vulgare.
Kwon YS, Choi WG, Kim WJ, Kim WK, Kim MJ, Kang WH, Kim CM.
College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
A phenyl propanoid derivative, dillapional(1) was found to be a antimicrobial
principle of the stems of Foeniculum vulgare (Umbelliferae) with MIC values of
125, 250 and 125/ against Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium
cladosporioides, respectively. A coumarin derivative, scopoletin(2) was also
isolated as marginally antimicrobial agent along with inactive compounds,
dillapiol(3), bergapten(4), imperatorin(5) and psolaren(6) from this plant. The
isolates 1/6 were not active against the Escherichia coli.
PMID: 12009028 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Fresenius J Anal Chem. 2001 Dec;371(7):1009/17.
Non/destructive NIR/FT/Raman analyses in practice. Part I. Analyses of plants
and historic textiles.
Andreev GN, Schrader B, Schulz H, Fuchs R, Popov S, Handjieva N.
Department of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Non/destructive analysis of natural substances in plants as well as of old dyed
textiles by Raman spectroscopy has not been possible using conventional
techniques. Exciting lines from the visible part of the spectrum produced
photochemical and thermal decomposition of the objects as well as strong
fluorescence. Using Nd:YAG laser excitation at 1,064 nm together with a special
sample arrangement and interferometric recording, various polyacetylenes in
Aethusa cynapium and in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) and the main valuable
substances in gentian species (Gentiana lutea and G. punctata), curcuma roots
(Curcuma longa), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),
clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus), and ginger (Zingiber officinale) were analyzed
non/destructively and discussed in comparison with the corresponding pure
standard compounds. We further analyzed non/destructively the FT Raman spectra
of collections of historical textiles and lakes used for dyeing. It is possible
to distinguish the main dye component non/destructively by using Raman bands.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11769790 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Pest Manag Sci. 2001 Mar;57(3):301/6.
Contact and fumigant activities of constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruit
against three coleopteran stored/product insects.
Kim DH, Ahn YJ.
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441/744,
Republic of Korea.
The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel,
Foeniculum vulgare, against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus
chinensis and Lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact
application and fumigation methods. The biologically active constituents of the
Foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (E)/anethole and
estragole, and the monoterpene (+)/fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis.
Responses varied with insect species, compound, dose and exposure time. In a
filter paper diffusion test, estragole at 0.168 mg cm/2 caused 91% mortality to
S oryzae adults within 1 day after treatment (DAT), whereas (+)/fenchone and
(E)/anethole gave over 90% mortality at 2 and 4 DAT, respectively. Against C
chinensis adults, all test compounds revealed potent insecticidal activities at
0.021 mg cm/2 at 2 DAT. Against L serricorne adults at 0.105 mg cm/2,
(E)/anethole gave 100% mortality at 1 DAT, whereas 90 and 60% mortality at 4 DAT
was achieved with estragole and (+)/fenchone, respectively. In a fumigation
test, the compounds were much more effective against adults of S oryzae, C
chinensis and L serricorne in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the
insecticidal activity of test compounds was largely attributable to fumigant
action. As naturally occurring insect/control agents, the F vulgare
fruit/derived materials described could be useful for managing field populations
of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11455661 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
55: Clin Exp Hypertens. 2001 May;23(4):329/43.
Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and
Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat.
El Bardai S, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N.
UFR Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculte des Sciences Dahar/Elmahraz, Fes, Maroc.
The hypotensive effects of the water extract of Marrubium vulgare L. and
Foeniculum vulgare L. were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
and in normotensive Wistar/Kyoto rats (WKY). Oral administration of Marrubium or
Foeniculum extract lowered the systolic blood pressure of SHR but not of WKY. In
SHR, Foeniculum but not Marrubium treatment increased water, sodium and
potassium excretion. Ex vivo as well as in vitro, Marrubium extract inhibited
the contractile responses of rat aorta to noradrenaline and to KCl (100 mM).
Inhibition was greater in aorta from SHR compared to WKY and was not affected by
the NO synthase inhibitor N/nitro/L/arginine. Vascular effects of Foeniculum
extract were less pronounced than those of Marrubium and were blocked by
N/nitro/L/arginine. These results indicate that hypotensive activity of
Marrubium and Foeniculum extracts seems to be mediated through different
pathways: Foeniculum appeared to act mainly as a diuretic and a natriuretic
while Marrubium displayed vascular relaxant activity.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11349824 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Planta Med. 2000 Dec;66(8):687/93.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum
maritimum essential oils.
Ruberto G, Baratta MT, Deans SG, Dorman HJ.
Istituto del C.N.R. per lo Studio delle Sostanze Naturali di Interesse
Alimentare e Chimico/Farmaceutico, Valverde, CT, Italy. ruberto@issn.ct.cnr.it
The essential oils obtained from Crithmum maritimum L. (marine fennel) and two
samples of Foeniculum vulgare Miller (common fennel) were analysed by GC and
GC/MS and assayed for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The
antioxidant activity of the oils was evaluated by two lipid model systems: a
modified thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) assay and a
spectrophotometric detection of hydroperoxydienes from linoleic acid in a
micellar system. The oils demonstrated antioxidant capacities, comparable in
some cases to that of alpha/tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), used
as reference antioxidants. Concerning the antimicrobial tests the essential oils
were assayed against twenty/five genera of bacteria, including animal and plant
pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. Oils from the two samples of F.
vulgare showed a higher and broader degree of inhibition than that of C.
maritimum.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11199122 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
57: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jan;49(1):239/44.
Characterization of some Italian types of wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.).
Piccaglia R, Marotti M.
Dipartimento di Agronomia, Universita di Bologna, Via Filippo Re 6,8, 40126
Bologna, Italy.
Wild samples of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) were collected from thirteen
Italian localities at different latitudes and grown in field trials to evaluate
their morphological and agronomic characteristics and essential oil
compositions. All the parameters were recorded at full bloom stage, and the
essential oils (obtained by steam distillation) were characterized by gas
chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The morphological
characteristics showed positive relations among the number of umbels per plant,
the plant weight, and the umbel weight percentage, and between these three
parameters and the oil content. The essential oils evidenced five chemical
groups characterized by (1) alpha/phellandrene, methyl chavicol, and
trans/anethole; (2) alpha/pinene, limonene, and trans/anethole; (3) methyl
chavicol and alpha/phellandrene; (4) methyl chavicol and alpha/pinene; and (5)
alpha/phellandrene.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11170583 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
58: J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4734/8.
Identification by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS analyses and quantification of
constituents of fennel teas and decoctions.
Bilia AR, Fumarola M, Gallori S, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF.
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, via Gino Capponi
9, 50121 Florence, Italy. bilia@farmfi.scifarm.unifi.it
Qualitative and quantitative differences among the constituents in various
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., family Apiaceae) teas prepared by classical
infusion, microwave decoction, and dissolution are reported. Different
commercial starting materials, such as fruit (unbroken and crushed), four herbal
teas, and two instant herbal teas were evaluated. Chlorogenic acid (1),
quercetin/3/O/beta/D/glucuronide (2), p/anisaldehyde (3), and trans/anethole (4)
were identified by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS as constituents of fennel teas. No
coumarins, which are characteristic constituents of plants of Apiaceae family,
were found. Trans/anethole (4), the main constituent of the essential oil, was
present in all teas. In addition p/anisaldehyde (3), a degradation product of
trans/anethole, was also identified in all teas with the exception of two
samples. Chlorogenic acid (1) and quercetin/3/O/beta/D/glucuronide (2) were also
present in all teas. In addition, minor unidentified flavonol constituents were
found in two teas. Quality, activity, and safety of the content of the
investigated preparations are also discussed.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11052726 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
59: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2000 Apr/Jun;19(2):53/6.
Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion
in anesthetized albino rats.
Vasudevan K, Vembar S, Veeraraghavan K, Haranath PS.
Department of Pharmacology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar.
BACKGROUND: The effect of spices on gastric acid secretion is variable. Their
mechanism of action is also not well established. AIM: To study the effect of
spices on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats. METHODS: Aqueous extracts
(10% w/v) of red pepper (Capsicum annuum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),
omum/ajwan (Carum copticum), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), black pepper
(Piper nigrum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) were
prepared. The stomach of pentobarbitone/anesthetized rats was perfused at 0.15
mL/min with aqueous extracts of spice or acetylcholine (1 microgram/mL or 10
micrograms/mL solutions, in 40 min blocks, twice in each experiment bracketed by
saline perfusions. The acid content in the samples was estimated by titration
with 0.1N NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. Atropine 1 microgram/mL was
added to the perfusion fluid in 28 experiments. In 32, acute gastric mucosal
injury was induced by leaving aspirin 125 mg/Kg in the stomach for 2 h before
perfusion. RESULTS: All the spices tested increased acid secretion in the
following declining order: red pepper, fennel, omum, cardamom, black pepper,
cumin, coriander. Red pepper increased acid secretion (mean [SEM] 0.93 [0.16] mL
0.1N HCl) to about 7 times the basal secretion (0.14 [0.05]; p < 0.005). The
increase in acid secretion by the other spices was as follows: fennel 0.42
(0.11) mL 0.1 N HCl from basal secretion (0.12 [0.03]) (p < 0.02); omum 0.33
(0.05) from 0.09 (0.02) (p < 0.01); cardamom 0.28 (0.04) from 0.10 (0.03) (p <
0.005); black pepper 0.19 (0.03) from 0.04 (0.01) (p < 0.005); cumin 0.12 (0.02)
from 0.08 (0.01) (p < 0.05); coriander 0.18 (0.03) from 0.09 (0.02) (p < 0.005).
Atropine abolished the acid secretion induced by acetylcholine and significantly
reduced acid induction by red pepper, omum and coriander, but not that by
fennel. In experiments with aspirin/induced mucosal injury the basal acid
secretion was low; acid secretion by red pepper and fennel was reduced
significantly, but not that by acetylcholine. Cumin and coriander increased acid
secretion in injured stomachs. CONCLUSION: The spices tested increased gastric
acid secretion, in some by a cholinergic mechanism but by other mechanism(s) as
well. Red pepper produced maximum increase in acid secretion, but this was
significantly reduced in injured stomachs. Cumin and coriander increased gastric
secretion in injured stomachs.
PMID: 10812814 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
60: J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;51(12):1391/6.
Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin
absorption and disposition in the rat.
Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC.
Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT.
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a drug/drug
interaction between ciprofloxacin and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) in a rat
model. Pharmacokinetic assessment of ciprofloxacin was performed in two groups
of male Sprague/Dawley rats. One group (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(/1) antibiotic
orally with concomitant oral dosing of the aqueous fennel extract (2 g herb
kg(/1)) whereas the controls (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(/1) oral ciprofloxacin.
Blood and urine samples were collected over 6 and 24 h, respectively, for
quantitation of ciprofloxacin by HPLC. A non/compartmental model was employed
for pharmacokinetic analysis. Major ingredients and metal cations in the fennel
extract were determined. Compared with the control, maximum plasma
concentration, area under the curve and urinary recovery of ciprofloxacin were
significantly (P < 0.05) lower, by 83, 48 and 43%, r
